NATIONAL SECURITY MEMORANDUM/NSM-10
MEMORANDUM FOR THE VICE PRESIDENT
THE SECRETARY OF STATE
THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY
THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE
THE SECRETARY OF ENERGY
THE SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY
THE ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OF STAFF
THE DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT BUDGET
THE DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
THE DIRECTOR OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
THE ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR NATIONAL
SECURITY AFFAIRS
THE COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT
THE ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR ECONOMIC
POLICY AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC
COUNCIL
THE DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY POLICY
THE NATIONAL CYBER DIRECTOR
THE CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF
THE DIRECTOR OF THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF
INVESTIGATION
THE DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY
THE DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY
THE DIRECTOR OF THE CYBERSECURITY AND
INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY AGENCY
SUBJECT: Promoting United States Leadership in Quantum
Computing While Mitigating Risks to Vulnerable
Cryptographic Systems
This memorandum outlines my Administration’s insurance policies and initiatives associated to quantum computing. It identifies key steps wanted to keep the Nation’s aggressive benefit in quantum data science (QIS), whereas mitigating the dangers of quantum computer systems to the Nation’s cyber, financial, and nationwide safety. It directs particular actions for companies to take because the United States begins the multi-year means of migrating weak pc programs to quantum-resistant cryptography. A labeled annex to this memorandum addresses delicate nationwide safety points.
Section 1. Policy. (a) Quantum computer systems maintain the potential to drive improvements throughout the American economic system, from fields as various as supplies science and prescribed drugs to finance and power. While the complete vary of purposes of quantum computer systems continues to be unknown, it’s nonetheless clear that America’s continued technological and scientific management will rely, not less than in half, on the Nation’s potential to keep a aggressive benefit in quantum computing and QIS.
(b) Yet alongside its potential advantages, quantum computing additionally poses vital dangers to the financial and nationwide safety of the United States. Most notably, a quantum pc of enough measurement and class — also called a cryptanalytically related quantum pc (CRQC) — shall be able to breaking a lot of the public-key cryptography used on digital programs throughout the United States and around the globe. When it turns into obtainable, a CRQC might jeopardize civilian and navy communications, undermine supervisory and management programs for vital infrastructure, and defeat safety protocols for many Internet-based monetary transactions.
(c) In order to steadiness the competing alternatives and dangers of quantum computer systems, it’s the coverage of my Administration: (1) to keep United States management in QIS, by means of continued funding, partnerships, and a balanced strategy to expertise promotion and safety; and (2) to mitigate the specter of CRQCs by means of a well timed and equitable transition of the Nation’s cryptographic programs to interoperable quantum‑resistant cryptography.
(d) Additional steering and directives could also be required in the long run as quantum computing applied sciences and their related dangers mature.
Sec. 2. Promoting United States Leadership. (a) The United States should pursue a whole-of-government and complete‑of‑society technique to harness the financial and scientific advantages of QIS, and the safety enhancements offered by quantum-resistant cryptography. This technique would require a coordinated, proactive strategy to QIS analysis and growth (R&D), an growth of training and workforce packages, and a spotlight on creating and strengthening partnerships with trade, tutorial establishments, allies, and like-minded nations.
(b) The United States should search to encourage transformative and basic scientific discoveries by means of investments in core QIS analysis packages. Investments ought to goal the invention of latest quantum purposes, new approaches to quantum-component manufacturing, and advances in quantum‑enabling applied sciences, comparable to photonics, nanofabrication, and cryogenic and semiconductor programs.
(c) The United States should search to foster the following technology of scientists and engineers with quantum-relevant talent units, together with these related to quantum-resistant cryptography. Education in QIS and associated cybersecurity ideas ought to be integrated into tutorial curricula in any respect ranges of education to help the expansion of a various home workforce. Furthermore, it is important that we appeal to and retain expertise and encourage profession alternatives that preserve quantum consultants employed domestically.
(d) To promote the event of quantum expertise and the efficient deployment of quantum-resistant cryptography, the United States should set up partnerships with trade; academia; and State, native, Tribal, and territorial (SLTT) governments. These partnerships ought to advance joint R&D initiatives and streamline mechanisms for expertise switch between trade and authorities.
(e) The United States should promote skilled and tutorial collaborations with abroad allies and companions. This worldwide engagement is crucial for figuring out and following international QIS traits and for harmonizing quantum safety and safety packages.
(f) In help of those targets, inside 90 days of the date of this memorandum, companies that fund analysis in, develop, or purchase quantum computer systems shall coordinate with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy to guarantee a coherent nationwide technique for QIS promotion and expertise safety, together with for workforce points. To facilitate this coordination, all such companies shall establish a liaison to the National Quantum Coordination Office to share data and greatest practices, in keeping with part 102(b)(3) of the National Quantum Initiative Act (Public Law 115-368) and part 6606 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (Public Law 117-81). All coordination efforts shall be undertaken with acceptable protections for delicate and labeled data and intelligence sources and strategies.
Sec. 3. Mitigating the Risks to Encryption. (a) Any digital system that makes use of present public requirements for public‑key cryptography, or that’s planning to transition to such cryptography, could possibly be weak to an assault by a CRQC. To mitigate this threat, the United States should prioritize the well timed and equitable transition of cryptographic programs to quantum-resistant cryptography, with the purpose of mitigating as a lot of the quantum threat as is possible by 2035. Currently, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Director of the National Security Agency (NSA), in their capability because the National Manager for National Security Systems (National Manager), are every creating technical requirements for quantum‑resistant cryptography for his or her respective jurisdictions. The first units of those requirements are anticipated to be launched publicly by 2024.
(b) Central to this migration effort shall be an emphasis on cryptographic agility, each to scale back the time required to transition and to enable for seamless updates for future cryptographic requirements. This effort is an crucial throughout all sectors of the United States economic system, from authorities to vital infrastructure, industrial companies to cloud suppliers, and all over the place else that weak public-key cryptography is used.
(c) Consistent with these targets:
(i) Within 90 days of the date of this memorandum, the Secretary of Commerce, by means of the Director of NIST, shall provoke an open working group with trade, together with vital infrastructure homeowners and operators, and different stakeholders, as decided by the Director of NIST, to additional advance adoption of quantum-resistant cryptography. This working group shall establish wanted instruments and information units, and different concerns to inform the event by NIST of steering and greatest practices to help with quantum‑resistant cryptography planning and prioritization. Findings of this working group shall be offered, on an ongoing foundation, to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA), and the National Cyber Director to incorporate into planning efforts.
(ii) Within 90 days of the date of this memorandum, the Secretary of Commerce, by means of the Director of NIST, shall set up a “Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography Project” on the National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence to work with the personal sector to handle cybersecurity challenges posed by the transition to quantum-resistant cryptography. This mission shall develop packages for discovery and remediation of any system that doesn’t use quantum-resistant cryptography or that continues to be dependent on weak programs.
(iii) Within 180 days of the date of this memorandum, and yearly thereafter, the Secretary of Homeland Security, by means of the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), and in coordination with Sector Risk Management Agencies, shall interact with vital infrastructure and SLTT companions concerning the dangers posed by quantum computer systems, and shall present an annual report to the Director of OMB, the APNSA, and the National Cyber Director that features suggestions for accelerating these entities’ migration to quantum-resistant cryptography.
(iv) Within 180 days of the date of this memorandum, and on an ongoing foundation, the Director of OMB, in session with the Director of CISA, the Director of NIST, the National Cyber Director, and the Director of NSA, shall set up necessities for inventorying all at the moment deployed cryptographic programs, excluding National Security Systems (NSS). These necessities shall embrace an inventory of key data expertise (IT) property to prioritize, interim benchmarks, and a typical (and ideally automated) evaluation course of for evaluating progress on quantum-resistant cryptographic migration in IT programs.
(v) Within 1 12 months of the date of this memorandum, and on an annual foundation thereafter, the heads of all Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) Agencies shall ship to the Director of CISA and the National Cyber Director a listing of their IT programs that stay weak to CRQCs, with a specific focus on High Value Assets and High Impact Systems. Inventories ought to embrace present cryptographic strategies used on IT programs, together with system administrator protocols, non-security software program and firmware that require upgraded digital signatures, and knowledge on different key property.
(vi) By October 18, 2023, and on an annual foundation thereafter, the National Cyber Director shall, based mostly on the inventories described in subsection 3(c)(v) of this memorandum and in coordination with the Director of CISA and the Director of NIST, ship a standing report to the APNSA and the Director of OMB on progress made by FCEB Agencies on their migration of non-NSS IT programs to quantum-resistant cryptography. This standing report shall embrace an evaluation of the funding vital to safe weak IT programs from the menace posed by adversarial entry to quantum computer systems, an outline and evaluation of ongoing coordination efforts, and a technique and timeline for assembly proposed milestones.
(vii) Within 90 days of the discharge of the primary set of NIST requirements for quantum-resistant cryptography referenced in subsection 3(a) of this memorandum, and on an annual foundation thereafter, as wanted, the Secretary of Commerce, by means of the Director of NIST, shall launch a proposed timeline for the deprecation of quantum-vulnerable cryptography in requirements, with the purpose of shifting the utmost variety of programs off quantum-vulnerable cryptography inside a decade of the publication of the preliminary set of requirements. The Director of NIST shall work with the suitable technical requirements our bodies to encourage interoperability of business cryptographic approaches.
(viii) Within 1 12 months of the discharge of the primary set of NIST requirements for quantum-resistant cryptography referenced in subsection 3(a) of this memorandum, the Director of OMB, in coordination with the Director of CISA and the Director of NIST, shall concern a coverage memorandum requiring FCEB Agencies to develop a plan to improve their non-NSS IT programs to quantum-resistant cryptography. These plans shall be expeditiously developed and be designed to handle essentially the most vital dangers first. The Director of OMB shall work with the pinnacle of every FCEB Agency to estimate the prices to improve weak programs past already deliberate expenditures, be certain that every plan is coordinated and shared amongst related companies to assess interoperability between options, and coordinate with the National Cyber Director to guarantee plans are up to date accordingly.
(ix) Until the discharge of the primary set of NIST requirements for quantum-resistant cryptography referenced in subsection 3(a) of this memorandum, the heads of FCEB Agencies shall not procure any industrial quantum-resistant cryptographic options to be used in IT programs supporting enterprise and mission operations. However, to help with anticipating potential compatibility points, the heads of such FCEB Agencies ought to conduct checks of business options which have carried out pre-standardized quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms. These checks will assist establish interoperability or efficiency points that will happen in Federal environments at an early stage and can contribute to the mitigation of these points. The heads of such FCEB Agencies ought to proceed to implement and, the place wanted, improve present cryptographic implementations, however ought to transition to quantum-resistant cryptography solely as soon as the primary set of NIST requirements for quantum-resistant cryptography is full and carried out in industrial merchandise. Conformance with worldwide requirements ought to be inspired, and could also be required for interoperability.
(x) Within 1 12 months of the date of this memorandum, and yearly thereafter, the Director of NSA, serving in its capability because the National Manager, in session with the Secretary of Defense and the Director of National Intelligence, shall present steering on quantum-resistant cryptography migration, implementation, and oversight for NSS. This steering shall be in keeping with National Security Memorandum/NSM-8 (Improving the Cybersecurity of National Security, Department of Defense, and Intelligence Community Systems). The National Manager shall share greatest practices and classes discovered with the Director of OMB and the National Cyber Director, as acceptable.
(xi) Within 1 12 months of the date of this memorandum, and on an ongoing foundation, and in keeping with part 1 of NSM-8, the heads of companies working NSS shall establish and doc all cases the place quantum-vulnerable cryptography is utilized by NSS and shall present this data to the National Manager.
(xii) Within 180 days of issuance by the National Manager of its requirements on quantum-resistant cryptography referenced in part 3(a) of this memorandum, and yearly thereafter, the National Manager shall launch an official timeline for the deprecation of weak cryptography in NSS, till the migration to quantum-resistant cryptography is accomplished.
(xiii) Within 1 12 months of issuance by the National Manager of its requirements on quantum-resistant cryptography for referenced in subsection 3(a) of this memorandum, and yearly thereafter, the heads of companies working or sustaining NSS shall submit to the National Manager, and, as acceptable, the Department of Defense Chief Information Officer or the Intelligence Community Chief Information Officer, relying on their respective jurisdictions, an preliminary plan to transition to quantum‑resistant cryptography in all NSS. These plans shall be up to date yearly and shall embrace related milestones, schedules, authorities, impediments, funding necessities, and exceptions approved by the pinnacle of the company in accordance with part 3 of NSM-8 and steering from the National Manager.
(xiv) By December 31, 2023, companies sustaining NSS shall implement symmetric-key protections (e.g., High Assurance Internet Protocol Encryptor (HAIPE) exclusion keys or VPN symmetric key options) to present further safety for quantum-vulnerable key exchanges, the place acceptable and in session with the National Manager. Implementation ought to search to keep away from interference with interoperability or different cryptographic modernization efforts.
(xv) By December 31, 2023, the Secretary of Defense shall ship to the APNSA and the Director of OMB an evaluation of the dangers of quantum computing to the protection industrial base and to protection provide chains, together with a plan to interact with key industrial entities to improve their IT programs to obtain quantum resistance.
Sec. 4. Protecting United States Technology. (a) In addition to selling quantum management and mitigating the dangers of CRQCs, the United States Government should work to safeguard related quantum R&D and mental property (IP) and to defend related enabling applied sciences and supplies. Protection mechanisms will differ, however could embrace counterintelligence measures, well-targeted export controls, and campaigns to educate trade and academia on the specter of cybercrime and IP theft.
(b) All companies answerable for both selling or defending QIS and associated applied sciences ought to perceive the safety implications of adversarial use and think about these safety implications when implementing new insurance policies, packages, and tasks.
(c) The United States ought to make sure the safety of U.S.‑developed quantum applied sciences from theft by our adversaries. This would require campaigns to educate trade, academia, and SLTT companions on the specter of IP theft and on the significance of robust compliance, insider menace detection, and cybersecurity packages for quantum applied sciences. As acceptable, Federal regulation enforcement companies and different related companies ought to examine and prosecute actors who interact in the theft of quantum commerce secrets and techniques or who violate United States export management legal guidelines. To help efforts to safeguard delicate data, Federal regulation enforcement companies ought to alternate related menace data with companies answerable for creating and selling quantum applied sciences.
(d) Consistent with these targets, by December 31, 2022, the heads of companies that fund analysis in, develop, or purchase quantum computer systems or associated QIS applied sciences shall develop complete expertise safety plans to safeguard QIS R&D, acquisition, and consumer entry. Plans shall be coordinated throughout companies, together with with Federal regulation enforcement, to safeguard quantum computing R&D and IP, acquisition, and consumer entry. These plans shall be up to date yearly and offered to the APNSA, the Director of OMB, and the Co-Chairs of the National Science and Technology Council Subcommittee on Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Science.
Sec. 5. Definitions. For functions of this memorandum:
(a) the time period “agency” has the which means ascribed to it below 44 U.S.C. 3502;
(b) the time period “critical infrastructure” means programs and property, whether or not bodily or digital, so very important to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating impact on the Nation’s safety, economic system, public well being and security, or any mixture thereof;
(c) the time period “cryptographic agility” means a design function that permits future updates to cryptographic algorithms and requirements with out the necessity to modify or change the encircling infrastructure;
(d) the time period “cryptanalytically relevant quantum computer” or “CRQC” means a quantum pc able to undermining present public-key cryptographic algorithms;
(e) the time period “Federal Civilian Executive Branch Agency” or “FCEB Agency” means any company besides the Department of Defense or companies in the Intelligence Community;
(f) the time period “high value asset” means data or an data system that’s so vital to a company that the loss or corruption of this data, or lack of entry to the system, would have severe impacts on the group’s potential to carry out its mission or conduct enterprise;
(g) the time period “high impact system” means an data system in which not less than one safety goal (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, or availability) is assigned a Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 199 potential affect worth of “high”;
(h) the time period “information technology” or “IT” has the which means ascribed to it below 44 U.S.C. 3502;
(i) the time period “National Security Systems” or “NSS” has the which means ascribed to it in 44 U.S.C 3552(b)(6) and shall additionally embrace different Department of Defense and Intelligence Community programs, as described in 44 U.S.C. 3553(e)(2) and 44 U.S.C. 3553(e)(3);
(j) the time period “quantum computer” means a pc using the collective properties of quantum states, comparable to superposition, interference and entanglement, to carry out calculations. The foundations in quantum physics give a quantum pc the power to clear up a subset of laborious mathematical issues at a a lot quicker charge than a classical (i.e., non‑quantum) pc;
(okay) the time period “quantum information sciences” or “QIS” has the which means ascribed to it below 15 U.S.C. 8801(6) and means the examine and utility of the legal guidelines of quantum physics for the storage, transmission, manipulation, computing, or measurement of data; and
(l) the time period “quantum-resistant cryptography” means these cryptographic algorithms or strategies which are assessed not to be particularly weak to assault by both a CRQC or classical pc. This can also be referred to as post-quantum cryptography.
Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or in any other case have an effect on:
(i) the authority granted by regulation to an government division or company, or the pinnacle thereof, to embrace the safety of intelligence sources and strategies; or
(ii) the capabilities of the Director of OMB relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This memorandum shall be carried out in keeping with relevant regulation and topic to the provision of appropriations.
(c) This memorandum shall even be carried out with out impeding the conduct or help of intelligence actions, and all implementation measures shall be designed to be in keeping with acceptable protections for delicate data and intelligence sources and strategies.
(d) This memorandum isn’t meant to, and doesn’t, create any proper or profit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at regulation or in fairness by any social gathering towards the United States, its departments, companies, or entities, its officers, workers, or brokers, or some other particular person.
JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR.
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