Brazilian Psychiatric Survivors Struggle for Liberation Impeded by Medical Model & More News Here

Brazilian psychologist Fernando F.P. De Freitas, in his new article printed within the Journal of Critical Psychology, Counselling, and Psychotherapy, outlines how purely biomedical understandings of psychological sickness usually undermine the objectives of the psychiatric survivor motion in Brazil.

Using German thinker Axel Honneth’s “theory of recognition,” Freitas argues that the resistance of Brazilian psychiatric survivor actions won’t ever obtain liberation as long as the biomedical mannequin of psychological sickness maintains hegemonic energy. In addition, Freitas highlights that the predominant psychiatric interventions are usually not addressing excessive ranges of psychological misery within the nation.

“Brazil is the country with the world’s highest rate of antidepressant consumption,” Freitas writes. And, out of all different international locations in Latin America, “Brazil is the most anxious and stressed country…A survey by Functional Health Tech shows that the use of antidepressants in Brazil increased by 23% between 2014 and 2018. Women in their 40s are the ones who use these drugs the most… Among the five controlled drugs in Brazil, benzodiazepines have the highest consumption. In 2018, 56.6 million boxes of tranquilizers and sleeping pills were consumed, the equivalent of 1.4 billion pills.”

Brazil just isn’t alone in its rise in prescribing, psychotropic consumption, and analysis. Although the United Nations has argued that these charges could mirror political modifications greater than medical ones, many service customers worldwide, particularly in Brazil, report reliance on psychiatric medicine. This reliance could problem critics who perceive that, though psychiatric medication could not enhance long-term outcomes, they’re nonetheless needed and understood as useful by numerous service customers and stakeholders globally.

In 2001 Brazil handed a psychological healthcare legislation designed to guard the “mentally ill” and “psychosocially disabled.” The new coverage required {that a} psychiatrist’s involuntary dedication of a person be reported to the general public prosecutor’s places of work inside 72 hours of hospitalization. However, Freitas argues that the legislation, which was designed to learn Brazilian service customers, has carried out little to assist them—and can proceed to be unhelpful as long as the legislation is based on the biomedical mannequin of psychological sickness.

“One study shows that, among people referred to psychiatry without prior medication, 98% do not escape a psychopharmacological prescription. This implies that, regardless of the condition of entry, the referral to psychiatry always provokes the prescription of psychiatric drugs.”

Freitas writes that the excessive charges of medicine and lack of efficacy of Brazil’s psychological healthcare legal guidelines immediately oppose the ideas of self-actualization and autonomy. Furthermore, he argues that the hegemony of the biomedical mannequin makes it unattainable for the service consumer to heal and discover liberation, particularly when thought-about throughout the scope of the German thinker Axel Honneth’s Theory of Recognition.

Honneth, riffing off Hegel’s “mutual recognition,” argues there are three distinct sorts of recognition crucial for liberation, autonomy, and self-actualization.

1. Love and fundamental self-confidence – a recognition that ensures emotional help and recognition in platonic, romantic, {and professional} companions, together with well being skilled help.
2. Legal relations and self-respect – a recognition of rights and consensual relationships.

Freitas quotes Honneth:

“…we can only come to understand ourselves as the bearer of rights when we know what various normative obligations we must keep vis-à-vis others: only once we have taken the perspective of the ‘generalized other,’ which teaches us to recognize the other members of the community as the bearers of rights, can we understand ourselves to be legal persons, in the sense that we can be sure that certain of our claims will be met.”

3. Solidarity and vanity – This considerations the popularity between the bigger group and the respect of others’ particular traits and skills.

Freitas sees the biomedical mannequin of psychiatry as impeding every sort of recognition: 1. Mental healthcare professionals are unable to acknowledge their sufferers as mutuals. 2. The authorized system diminishes the rights of psychosocially disabled folks, and three. Those with psychosocial disabilities are unvalued and misunderstood—leaving no house for mutual recognition and thus self-actualization and liberation.

 

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Freitas, F., (2021). “User and psychiatric survivor movements and their struggles for recognition: The case of Brazil” Journal of Critical Psychology, Counselling, and Psychotherapy, 21(3) 22-32. (Link)

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